「誤る」 means to make incorrect thought, judgement, treatment. 「間違える」 is mainly to carelessly mistake one thing for another thing. 「間違う」 is to differently from the expected result of judgement or treatment. This is orginally a jidoushi but can also be used as a tadoshi with the same meaning as machigaeru. 「しくじる」 is to do something but fail; exclusively for action.
計算誤った・can be used for all four. Ayamaru is old fashioned.
それは間違った考えだ・with a jidoushi, machigaeru cannot be used. Shikujiru means to fail, so does not go with kangae and ayamaru is formal, old fashioned.
入試をしくじる・to flunk the exam - only shikujiru
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